قارن الطرق

	Performance Profiling	Flow State Scale-2
المجال	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1992	2002
صاحب الطريقة	Richard J. Butler & Lew Hardy	Susan A. Jackson & Robert C. Eklund
النوع	Athlete-centered profiling procedure grounded in Personal Construct Theory	Latent-structure measurement model of flow in physical activity
المصدر التأسيسي	Butler, R. J., & Hardy, L. (1992). The performance profile: Theory and application. The Sport Psychologist, 6(3), 253-264.	Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing Flow in Physical Activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133-150.
الأسماء البديلة	Butler-Hardy Performance Profile, Athlete Performance Profile, Construct-Based Profiling, Self-Ideal Discrepancy Profiling	FSS-2, Jackson & Eklund Flow Scale, Flow State Scale Revised, Dispositional Flow Scale-2
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	Performance profiling is an athlete-centered assessment procedure in which the athletes themselves, rather than the coach or sport psychologist, define the qualities that matter for their performance and then rate where they currently stand against where they would ideally be. Richard Butler and Lew Hardy introduced it in 1992 in The Sport Psychologist, grounding it explicitly in George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory: because people act on their own constructions of the world, the qualities used to assess an athlete should be elicited from the athlete. The procedure produces a visual profile of constructs, each scored for current and ideal level, with the gap between them — the self-ideal discrepancy — pointing to where intervention is most needed. Gareth Jones's 1993 work showed how these importance-weighted discrepancies structure cognitive-behavioral interventions and how the profile, repeated over time, tracks change.	The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) is a 36-item self-report instrument developed by Susan Jackson and Robert Eklund (2002) to measure flow — the state of optimal experience and total absorption — as it occurs in a specific physical-activity episode. It operationalizes Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's nine dimensions of flow: challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, total concentration on the task, a sense of control, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, and the autotelic (intrinsically rewarding) experience. The FSS-2 revised the original Flow State Scale by replacing problematic items, and confirmatory factor analyses across an item-identification and a cross-validation sample showed good fit for both a nine-factor and a higher-order model, with subscale reliabilities between roughly .80 and .92. A companion Dispositional Flow Scale-2 measures the same nine dimensions as a general tendency rather than a single episode.