قارن الطرق

	بحث اللوحات	بحث المسح العلائقي
المجال	تصميم البحث	تصميم البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s	Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s)
صاحب الطريقة	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s	Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others
النوع	Quantitative longitudinal observational design	Quantitative non-experimental survey design
المصدر التأسيسي	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748
الأسماء البديلة	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel	correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.	Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation.