قارن الطرق

	تقدير كثافة النواة للبيانات المقطعية	الارتباط المكاني في البيانات المقطعية الزمنية
المجال	التحليل المكاني	التحليل المكاني
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1962 (KDE); panel extension: 1990s–2000s	1988–2003
صاحب الطريقة	Parzen (1962); Silverman (1986); extended to panel contexts in spatial econometrics literature	Anselin, L.; Elhorst, J. P.
النوع	Nonparametric density estimation	Diagnostic test / exploratory statistic
المصدر التأسيسي	Parzen, E. (1962). On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 33(3), 1065-1076.	Anselin, L. (2013). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Springer Netherlands. (Originally published 1988.) ISBN: 978-9401577991
الأسماء البديلة	Panel KDE, longitudinal kernel density estimation, repeated-measures KDE, panel nonparametric density estimation	spatial autocorrelation in panel data, panel spatial dependence, spatio-temporal autocorrelation, cross-sectional dependence in panels
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Panel Kernel Density Estimation (Panel KDE) extends the standard kernel density estimator to panel (longitudinal) data, estimating smooth density surfaces for spatial or attribute variables observed across multiple units and time periods. It reveals how the distribution of a phenomenon shifts, concentrates, or disperses over time and across groups, making it a natural tool for tracking spatial patterns in repeated-measures or panel datasets.	Panel Spatial Autocorrelation measures whether observations that are geographically close also tend to have similar values across repeated time periods. It extends classic cross-sectional spatial autocorrelation statistics such as Moran's I to panel data, enabling researchers to detect spatial dependence consistently over time and to diagnose whether a panel regression model requires a spatial component.