قارن الطرق

	اختبار الوحدة الجذرية للبيانات المقطعية المجمعة (Panel DF-GLS)	نموذج الانحدار الذاتي ذي الفجوات الزمنية الموزعة المقطعي	اختبار ماكي للتكامل المشترك
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1996	2006	2012
صاحب الطريقة	Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (adapted to panels)	Pesaran and colleagues	Darshana Maki
النوع	Stationarity test	Dynamic panel model	Structural-break test
المصدر التأسيسي	Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometric Reviews, 13(4), 469-497.	Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (2016). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117.	Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
الأسماء البديلة	Panel unit-root test	Panel ARDL with cross-sectional dependence	Structural-break cointegration test
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	Panel DF-GLS extends the Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996) GLS unit-root test to panel data, combining cross-sectional and time-series information to test whether variables contain unit roots. Introduced by Hadri and colleagues (2005), it is more powerful than standard panel unit-root tests (IPS, LLC) due to its GLS detrending approach. This test is essential for establishing stationarity before fitting cointegration or dynamic panel models.	CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectional ARDL) applies the ARDL framework to panel data while explicitly accounting for cross-sectional dependence—correlation of shocks and relationships across units (countries, firms, regions). Introduced by Pesaran and colleagues (2016), it extends panel ARDL methods to handle common factors or global shocks affecting all units simultaneously. This is crucial for realistic modeling of internationally integrated economies and firm networks.	The Maki cointegration test extends cointegration testing to allow for an unknown number of endogenously-determined structural breaks in the cointegrating relationship. Introduced by Maki (2012), it builds on Gregory and Hansen (1996), enabling detection of cointegration even when relationships shift due to policy changes, institutional reforms, or fundamental regime shifts. This is essential for applied time-series work where structural change is common.