قارن الطرق

	مقياس المشاعر الإيجابية والسلبية (PANAS)	مقياس مركز دراسات الأوبئة للاكتئاب (CES-D)	مقياس هاميلتون لتقييم القلق (HAM-A)
المجال	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988	1977	1959
صاحب الطريقة	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton
النوع	Mood and affect self-assessment	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
المصدر التأسيسي	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
الأسماء البديلة	PANAS, PANAS-X	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS
ذات صلة	5	5	5
الملخص	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.