قارن الطرق

	مقياس المشاعر الإيجابية والسلبية (PANAS)	مقياس مركز دراسات الأوبئة للاكتئاب (CES-D)	مقياس المستشفى للقلق والاكتئاب (HADS)
المجال	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988	1977	1983
صاحب الطريقة	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
النوع	Mood and affect self-assessment	Community-based depression assessment	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
المصدر التأسيسي	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
الأسماء البديلة	PANAS, PANAS-X	CES-D, CESD	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
ذات صلة	5	5	4
الملخص	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.