قارن الطرق

	مقالة بحثية أصلية	تحليل تلوي
المجال	الكتابة الأكاديمية	الكتابة الأكاديمية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1665	1976
صاحب الطريقة	Scientific research community	Glass (1976, term coining); Fisher and Pearson (statistical foundations)
النوع	Document Type	Document Type
المصدر التأسيسي	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.	Page, M. J., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71.
الأسماء البديلة	research paper, empirical article, primary research, journal article	quantitative synthesis, meta-synthesis, pooled analysis, statistical integration
ذات صلة	5	2
الملخص	An original research article is the primary vehicle for reporting new empirical findings in a discipline. Following the IMRaD structure (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), it represents a researcher's novel data, analysis, and interpretation. The journal article format has been the gold standard for scientific communication since the establishment of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1665.	Meta-analysis is the statistical pooling of quantitative findings from multiple independent studies to produce a combined effect estimate. By aggregating data across studies, meta-analysis increases statistical power, reduces random error, and provides a precise summary of an intervention's effectiveness or an association's magnitude. Gene V. Glass coined the term in 1976, formalizing a technique that has become indispensable for evidence synthesis in medicine, psychology, education, and other evidence-based disciplines.