قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش الترتيبي (نماذج مقياس التقدير والائتمان الجزئي)	اختبار ثبات القياس
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1978–1982	2000
صاحب الطريقة	David Andrich (RSM, 1978); Geoff Masters (PCM, 1982)	Vandenberg & Lance
النوع	Item response model for ordered categories	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
المصدر التأسيسي	Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
الأسماء البديلة	Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, RSM, PCM	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
ذات صلة	6	3
الملخص	The ordinal Rasch model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to items with ordered response categories such as Likert-type scales. It places both persons and items on a shared interval-level metric, enabling principled measurement from ordinal data while checking whether items function consistently across all response thresholds.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.