قارن الطرق

	نظرية الاستجابة للفقرة الترتيبية	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1969	1969
صاحب الطريقة	Fumiko Samejima (Graded Response Model, 1969); Gerhard Fischer & Georg Rasch lineage for partial credit	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
النوع	Probabilistic latent trait model for ordered polytomous responses	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
المصدر التأسيسي	Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34(4, Pt. 2), 1–97.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
الأسماء البديلة	polytomous IRT, ordinal IRT models, graded response models, ordinal latent trait models	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
ذات صلة	6	4
الملخص	Ordinal item response theory (ordinal IRT) comprises a family of probabilistic models — most notably the Graded Response Model and the Partial Credit Model — that relate a respondent's standing on a latent trait to the probability of choosing each ordered response category on a polytomous item. It extends classical IRT beyond dichotomous items to the Likert-type and rating-scale items that dominate psychometric measurement.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.