قارن الطرق

	منهج التاريخ الشفوي	الإثنوغرافيا
المجال	الأساليب الميدانية	نوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1948 (systematic practice); broader theorisation 1970s–1990s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
صاحب الطريقة	Columbia University Oral History Research Office (Allan Nevins); later theorised by Alessandro Portelli and Donald Ritchie	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
النوع	Qualitative historical-empirical method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
المصدر التأسيسي	Ritchie, D. A. (2015). Doing Oral History (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0199329960	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
الأسماء البديلة	oral history research, life history interviewing, oral testimony research, OHM	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	The oral history method is a qualitative research approach in which researchers conduct in-depth, recorded interviews with individuals who have direct personal experience of a historical event, social process, or community life. It captures subjective perspectives, memory, and lived experience that written records rarely preserve, making it indispensable for recovering voices absent from official archives — particularly those of marginalised communities, minority groups, and ordinary people.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.