قارن الطرق

	اختبار التوجه الحياتي المنقح	مقياس الرفاهية الذاتية
المجال	علم النفس الإيجابي	علم النفس الإيجابي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1994	1985
صاحب الطريقة	Michael Scheier and Charles Carver	Ed Diener and colleagues
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing coping strategies from coping styles: A health psychological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1061–1078.	Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155.
الأسماء البديلة	LOT-R	SWB
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item measure of dispositional optimism developed by Scheier, Carver, and Bridges in 1994. It assesses the general expectancy that good things (versus bad things) will happen in the future. Optimism, as measured by the LOT-R, predicts coping success, health outcomes, and psychological well-being independent of self-efficacy or other personality factors. The revised version addressed psychometric concerns in the original 1985 LOT, improving clarity and reducing item ambiguity.	The Subjective Well-Being (SWB) Scale is a broad category of brief instruments measuring how satisfied people are with their lives and the frequency of positive and negative emotions they experience. Originating from Diener's foundational work in the 1980s, SWB scales operationalize the recognition that well-being is fundamentally subjective—how people evaluate their lives matters more than external objective conditions. Various forms exist, including the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and multi-item composites measuring life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect.