قارن الطرق

	نموذج مناخي مقترن بين المحيط والغلاف الجوي	نموذج الدوران العام	HEC-RAS
المجال	الجيوفيزياء	الجيوفيزياء	الجيوفيزياء
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1975	1975	1995
صاحب الطريقة	Syukuro Manabe, Kirk Bryan, and others	Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald	US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center
النوع	Coupled atmosphere-ocean climate system simulation	Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation	1D/2D river hydraulics and flood inundation modeling
المصدر التأسيسي	Manabe, S., Bryan, K., & Spelman, M. J. (1975). A global ocean-atmosphere climate model with seasonal variation for future studies of climate sensitivity. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5(1), 3-29.	Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15.	Brunner, G. W. (2010). HEC-RAS river analysis system hydraulic reference manual. US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center.
الأسماء البديلة	AOGCM	GCM, Global Climate Model	HEC-RAS
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	An Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Model (AOGCM) is a comprehensive climate simulation that couples dynamic general circulation models of the atmosphere and ocean with explicit exchange of heat, momentum, and moisture at the interface. Developed by Manabe, Bryan, and colleagues in the 1970s, coupled models are essential for simulating climate change, ocean circulation changes, and climate-ocean interactions over decadal to centennial timescales.	A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings.	HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System) is a hydraulic modeling software developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers that computes water surface elevation and velocity in open channels and floodplains, and depicts inundation extent and depth. Since its introduction in 1995, HEC-RAS has become the de facto standard for floodplain delineation, dam break analysis, and flood risk assessment for regulatory and engineering purposes.