قارن الطرق

	مقياس بيئة الممارسة لمؤشر عمل التمريض	استبيان مواقف السلامة
المجال	إدارة الرعاية الصحية	إدارة الرعاية الصحية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2002	2000
صاحب الطريقة	Ellen T. Lake (University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing), based on foundational work by Kramer and Hafner (1989)	John B. Sexton, Robert L. Helmreich, and colleagues (University of Texas)
النوع	Self-report	Self-report
المصدر التأسيسي	Lake, E. T. (2002). Development of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Research in Nursing & Health, 25(3), 176–188.	Sexton, J. B., Helmreich, R. L., Neilands, T. B., Rowan, K., Vella, K., Boyden, J., Roberts, P. R., & Thomas, E. J. (2006). The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire: psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Services Research, 6, 44.
الأسماء البديلة	PES-NWI, NWI-R	SAQ
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) is a 31-item instrument designed to measure nurses' perceptions of their practice environment, particularly factors related to autonomy, control over practice, and organizational support. Developed by Lake in 2002 and based on foundational work by Kramer and Hafner, the PES-NWI assesses five key domains: nursing foundations for quality care, staffing and resource adequacy, collegial nurse–physician relationships, nurse manager ability and support, and organizational support for nursing. It is widely used in hospital quality and nursing research to identify environmental factors associated with nurse satisfaction, retention, and patient safety outcomes.	The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 60-item self-report instrument developed by Sexton and colleagues in the early 2000s to measure organizational safety culture in healthcare settings. Adapted from crew resource management research in aviation, the SAQ assesses clinician and non-clinician perceptions of safety attitudes across six key dimensions. It is widely used in hospital quality improvement and research to identify gaps in safety culture and benchmark institutional performance.