قارن الطرق

	النتنوغرافيا	الملاحظة بالمشاركة
المجال	نوعي	البحث النوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book)	1922
صاحب الطريقة	Robert V. Kozinets	Bronislaw Malinowski
النوع	Qualitative research method	Method
المصدر التأسيسي	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
الأسماء البديلة	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
ذات صلة	6	4
الملخص	Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.