قارن الطرق

	Nationalism and Patriotism Scale	Ethnocentrism Scale
المجال	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1989	2001
صاحب الطريقة	Rick Kosterman & Seymour Feshbach	James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey
النوع	Self-report attitude scale	Self-report attitude scale
المصدر التأسيسي	Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257-274.	Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215.
الأسماء البديلة	Patriotism-Nationalism Scale, Kosterman-Feshbach Scale, Blind and Constructive Patriotism Scale	GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Nationalism and Patriotism Scale, introduced by Kosterman and Feshbach (1989), distinguishes patriotism (love of and attachment to one's nation) from nationalism (belief in national superiority and a desire for dominance over other nations). It established that national attachment is not a single attitude but a set of separable dimensions, a distinction later extended by Schatz, Staub and Lavine (1999) into blind versus constructive patriotism.	The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion.