قارن الطرق

	الفرق في الفروقات متعدد الفترات (DiD المتدرج)	نموذج التأثيرات الثابتة لبيانات السلاسل الزمنية المقطعية
المجال	الاستدلال السببي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2021	2014
صاحب الطريقة	Callaway & Sant'Anna; Goodman-Bacon	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
النوع	Causal inference / panel regression	Panel data regression
المصدر التأسيسي	Callaway, B., & Sant'Anna, P. H. C. (2021). Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods. Journal of Econometrics, 225(2), 200-230.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
الأسماء البديلة	staggered DiD, multi-period DiD, staggered difference-in-differences, heterogeneous timing DiD	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Multi-period Difference-in-Differences extends the classic two-period DiD framework to settings where units adopt treatment at different points in time. Formalised by Callaway and Sant'Anna (2021) and Goodman-Bacon (2021), it decomposes the overall treatment effect into group-time average treatment effects and addresses the bias that arises when conventional two-way fixed-effects regressions are applied to staggered adoption designs.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).