قارن الطرق

	Multi-Level Perspective on Transitions	Transition Management
المجال	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2002	2001
صاحب الطريقة	Frank W. Geels (building on Arie Rip and René Kemp)	Jan Rotmans, René Kemp & Derk Loorbach
النوع	Conceptual framework and analytic method for sociotechnical change	Prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework
المصدر التأسيسي	Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy, 31(8-9), 1257-1274.	Loorbach, D. (2010). Transition management for sustainable development: a prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework. Governance, 23(1), 161-183.
الأسماء البديلة	MLP, Multi-level perspective framework, Sociotechnical transitions analysis	TM, Transition governance framework, Transition arena approach
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) is a middle-range framework for analysing how large sociotechnical systems—energy, mobility, food, water—shift from one dominant configuration to another. It locates change in the interplay of three analytic levels: protected niches where radical novelties incubate, the incumbent sociotechnical regime that structures ordinary practice, and a slow-moving exogenous landscape. Transitions occur when landscape pressures destabilise the regime and open windows of opportunity for maturing niche innovations to break through.	Transition Management (TM) is a prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework for deliberately steering long-term, structural change in sociotechnical systems toward sustainability. Rather than predicting or controlling outcomes, it organises a cyclical, participatory process—strategic, tactical, operational, and reflexive activities—through which a small group of frontrunners develops shared long-term visions, translates them into agendas and coalitions, mobilises experiments, and continuously monitors and learns. It applies insights from transitions research to the question of how societies might govern their own transformations.