قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش متعدد المجموعات	اختبار الثبات القياسي متعدد المجموعات
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1960 (Rasch); 1980s–1990s (multi-group extensions)	1971–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Georg Rasch (single-group); extended to multi-group applications by Fischer, Molenaar, and others	Jöreskog, K. G. (1971); Meredith, W. (1993)
النوع	Item response model / measurement invariance test	Model comparison / hypothesis testing
المصدر التأسيسي	Fischer, G. H. & Molenaar, I. W. (Eds.) (1995). Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications. Springer. ISBN: 978-0387944296	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
الأسماء البديلة	MG-Rasch, Rasch measurement invariance, multi-group 1PL IRT, cross-group Rasch analysis	measurement invariance, factorial invariance, cross-group invariance, MI testing
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	The multi-group Rasch model fits the one-parameter logistic item response model simultaneously across two or more distinct groups, testing whether item difficulty parameters are invariant across groups. It is the primary psychometric tool for establishing that a scale measures the same latent trait with the same metric in each group, a prerequisite for meaningful score comparisons.	Multi-group measurement invariance testing examines whether a latent construct is measured in the same way across two or more distinct groups — such as cultures, genders, or age cohorts. It is a prerequisite for meaningful group comparisons of latent means or relationships, ensuring that observed score differences reflect true differences rather than measurement artifacts.