قارن الطرق

	نموذج راش متعدد المجموعات	نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة (IRT)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1960 (Rasch); 1980s–1990s (multi-group extensions)	1952–1968
صاحب الطريقة	Georg Rasch (single-group); extended to multi-group applications by Fischer, Molenaar, and others	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
النوع	Item response model / measurement invariance test	Probabilistic measurement model
المصدر التأسيسي	Fischer, G. H. & Molenaar, I. W. (Eds.) (1995). Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications. Springer. ISBN: 978-0387944296	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
الأسماء البديلة	MG-Rasch, Rasch measurement invariance, multi-group 1PL IRT, cross-group Rasch analysis	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
ذات صلة	6	5
الملخص	The multi-group Rasch model fits the one-parameter logistic item response model simultaneously across two or more distinct groups, testing whether item difficulty parameters are invariant across groups. It is the primary psychometric tool for establishing that a scale measures the same latent trait with the same metric in each group, a prerequisite for meaningful score comparisons.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.