قارن الطرق

	نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة متعددة المجموعات (MG-IRT)	اختبار الثبات القياسي متعدد المجموعات
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1990s	1971–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Multiple contributors; formalized by Birnbaum (1968) for IRT; multi-group extensions developed through 1980s–1990s	Jöreskog, K. G. (1971); Meredith, W. (1993)
النوع	Latent trait / measurement invariance	Model comparison / hypothesis testing
المصدر التأسيسي	Embretson, S. E. & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805828191	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
الأسماء البديلة	MG-IRT, multiple-group IRT, multi-group latent trait model, IRT across groups	measurement invariance, factorial invariance, cross-group invariance, MI testing
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Multi-group item response theory fits IRT models simultaneously across two or more defined groups — such as males and females, or different cultural samples — to determine whether item parameters are invariant across those groups. It is the primary IRT-based framework for testing measurement equivalence and detecting differential item functioning (DIF) at the model level.	Multi-group measurement invariance testing examines whether a latent construct is measured in the same way across two or more distinct groups — such as cultures, genders, or age cohorts. It is a prerequisite for meaningful group comparisons of latent means or relationships, ensuring that observed score differences reflect true differences rather than measurement artifacts.