قارن الطرق

	تحليل البنود للمجموعات المتعددة	اختبار الثبات القياسي متعدد المجموعات
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1986	1971–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Classical test theory tradition; systematised by Crocker & Algina (1986)	Jöreskog, K. G. (1971); Meredith, W. (1993)
النوع	Comparative item-level analysis	Model comparison / hypothesis testing
المصدر التأسيسي	Crocker, L. & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030616341	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
الأسماء البديلة	MGIA, group-comparative item analysis, subgroup item analysis, cross-group item analysis	measurement invariance, factorial invariance, cross-group invariance, MI testing
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Multi-group item analysis computes classical item statistics — difficulty, discrimination, and corrected item-total correlations — separately for each subgroup in a sample and then compares those statistics across groups. It is a standard diagnostic step in scale development and test fairness evaluation, revealing items that behave differently for men versus women, across age cohorts, or across cultural groups before more formal DIF testing.	Multi-group measurement invariance testing examines whether a latent construct is measured in the same way across two or more distinct groups — such as cultures, genders, or age cohorts. It is a prerequisite for meaningful group comparisons of latent means or relationships, ensuring that observed score differences reflect true differences rather than measurement artifacts.