قارن الطرق

	تحليل البنود للمجموعات المتعددة	تحليل العوامل التوكيدي متعدد المجموعات (MG-CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1986	1971
صاحب الطريقة	Classical test theory tradition; systematised by Crocker & Algina (1986)	Karl Jöreskog
النوع	Comparative item-level analysis	Measurement model / invariance test
المصدر التأسيسي	Crocker, L. & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030616341	Vandenberg, R. J. & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
الأسماء البديلة	MGIA, group-comparative item analysis, subgroup item analysis, cross-group item analysis	MG-CFA, multi-group CFA, measurement invariance testing, multi-sample CFA
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Multi-group item analysis computes classical item statistics — difficulty, discrimination, and corrected item-total correlations — separately for each subgroup in a sample and then compares those statistics across groups. It is a standard diagnostic step in scale development and test fairness evaluation, revealing items that behave differently for men versus women, across age cohorts, or across cultural groups before more formal DIF testing.	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis tests whether a measurement model holds equivalently across two or more groups — such as cultures, genders, or time points. By imposing increasingly stringent equality constraints and comparing model fit, it determines whether comparisons of latent mean scores are justified.