قارن الطرق

	تحليل البنود للمجموعات المتعددة	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1986	1969
صاحب الطريقة	Classical test theory tradition; systematised by Crocker & Algina (1986)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
النوع	Comparative item-level analysis	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
المصدر التأسيسي	Crocker, L. & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030616341	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
الأسماء البديلة	MGIA, group-comparative item analysis, subgroup item analysis, cross-group item analysis	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
ذات صلة	6	4
الملخص	Multi-group item analysis computes classical item statistics — difficulty, discrimination, and corrected item-total correlations — separately for each subgroup in a sample and then compares those statistics across groups. It is a standard diagnostic step in scale development and test fairness evaluation, revealing items that behave differently for men versus women, across age cohorts, or across cultural groups before more formal DIF testing.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.