قارن الطرق

	Most Different Systems Design	تتبع العمليات (Process Tracing)
المجال	Political Science	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1970	2005
صاحب الطريقة	John Stuart Mill (method of agreement); Przeworski & Teune (systems framing)	Alexander George, Andrew Bennett
النوع	Small-N comparative case-selection design	Qualitative causal inference
المصدر التأسيسي	Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN: 9780471701422	Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (Eds.). (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge University Press.
الأسماء البديلة	MDSD, Most different cases design, Mill's method of agreement, Diverse systems design	—
ذات صلة	3	5
الملخص	The most different systems design (MDSD) is a small-N comparative strategy that selects cases that differ on as many background characteristics as possible yet share the same outcome. If wildly dissimilar cases nonetheless converge on the same result, the explanation cannot lie in the many features on which they differ — it must lie in whatever they have in common. Grounded in John Stuart Mill's method of agreement and named by Przeworski and Teune, it is the mirror image of the most similar systems design and a staple of comparative politics.	Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. Process tracing aims to strengthen causal inference in case studies by looking beyond correlation to understand how causes produce effects.