قارن الطرق

	اختبار ماكي للتكامل المشترك	نموذج الانحدار الذاتي ذي الفجوات الزمنية الموزعة المقطعي	اختبار الوحدة الجذرية للوحات (Panel KSS)
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2012	2006	1992
صاحب الطريقة	Darshana Maki	Pesaran and colleagues	Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, and Shin (panel version by Hadri)
النوع	Structural-break test	Dynamic panel model	Unit-root test
المصدر التأسيسي	Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.	Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (2016). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117.	Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
الأسماء البديلة	Structural-break cointegration test	Panel ARDL with cross-sectional dependence	Panel stationarity test
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	The Maki cointegration test extends cointegration testing to allow for an unknown number of endogenously-determined structural breaks in the cointegrating relationship. Introduced by Maki (2012), it builds on Gregory and Hansen (1996), enabling detection of cointegration even when relationships shift due to policy changes, institutional reforms, or fundamental regime shifts. This is essential for applied time-series work where structural change is common.	CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectional ARDL) applies the ARDL framework to panel data while explicitly accounting for cross-sectional dependence—correlation of shocks and relationships across units (countries, firms, regions). Introduced by Pesaran and colleagues (2016), it extends panel ARDL methods to handle common factors or global shocks affecting all units simultaneously. This is crucial for realistic modeling of internationally integrated economies and firm networks.	The Panel KSS test reverses the null hypothesis of unit-root tests: it tests whether variables are stationary (stationarity is the null) versus nonstationary (unit root is the alternative). Introduced by Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) and extended to panels by Hadri (2000), this complementary approach provides robustness when combined with unit-root tests like Panel DF-GLS. Using both tests together reduces the risk of erroneous conclusions about variable persistence.