قارن الطرق

	تحليل البنود الطولية	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي الطولي
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1990s–2000s	1970s–1990s
صاحب الطريقة	Vandenberg, Lance, Meade and colleagues in organizational/educational measurement	Karl Jöreskog (CFA framework); longitudinal extension by Wheaton, Muthén, and Alwin in the 1970s–1990s
النوع	Item-level longitudinal diagnostic	Longitudinal latent variable / measurement model
المصدر التأسيسي	Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C. & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592.	Widaman, K. F. & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. J. Bryant, M. Windle & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). American Psychological Association.
الأسماء البديلة	LIA, repeated-measures item analysis, longitudinal item calibration, item parameter stability analysis	longitudinal CFA, repeated-measures CFA, longitudinal measurement model, panel CFA
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Longitudinal item analysis examines how the statistical properties of individual scale items — difficulty, discrimination, factor loadings, and fit — remain stable or change systematically across repeated measurement occasions. It is the item-level foundation of longitudinal measurement validity.	Longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis (longitudinal CFA) applies a theoretically specified measurement model to data collected at two or more time points. Its primary purpose is to verify that a scale measures the same latent construct in the same way over time — a prerequisite for drawing valid conclusions about change from repeated-measures data.