قارن الطرق

	ديناميكيات العكس القطاعية	الدينامومتر متساوي الحركة
المجال	علوم الرياضة	علوم الرياضة
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1990	1967
صاحب الطريقة	David Winter	Henry Hislop
النوع	kinetic analysis	constant-velocity testing
المصدر التأسيسي	Winter, D. A. (1990). Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. New York: John Wiley & Sons.	Hislop, H. J., & Perrine, J. J. (1967). The isokinetic concept of exercise. Physical Therapy, 47(2), 114-117.
الأسماء البديلة	inverse dynamics, joint kinetics, joint moments	isokinetic testing, constant velocity testing, dynamometric testing
ذات صلة	3	5
الملخص	Inverse dynamics is a biomechanical analysis technique that calculates joint moments (forces and torques) from measured kinematics (positions and angles) and ground reaction forces. Formalized by David Winter (1990), inverse dynamics works backward from Newton's second law: given acceleration and inertia, calculate the net force (or moment) required to produce that motion. By analyzing joint loading during sport movements, biomechanists identify asymmetries, technique flaws, and muscle-group imbalances that predict injury or limit performance. Inverse dynamics is the standard for detailed biomechanical assessment in research and elite coaching.	Isokinetic dynamometry measures muscular strength and power production during movement at a constant, preset velocity. Pioneered by Hislop and Perrine (1967), isokinetic testing constrains limb velocity to a fixed speed (e.g., 60°/s or 120°/s), while the dynamometer adjusts resistance to match the subject's force production at each instant, accommodating all variations in force throughout the range of motion. This approach provides comprehensive strength profiling across a full joint range and allows comparison of concentric and eccentric contractions. Isokinetic testing is widely used in clinical rehabilitation, sports medicine, and research due to its objectivity and standardization.