قارن الطرق

	بناء مقياس ليكرت	مقياس جوتمان
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1932	1944
صاحب الطريقة	Rensis Likert	Louis Guttman
النوع	Summated rating scale methodology	Cumulative unidimensional scaling methodology
المصدر التأسيسي	Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 1-55.	Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling qualitative data. American Sociological Review, 9(2), 139-150.
الأسماء البديلة	Likert summated rating scale, Summated rating scale construction	Cumulative scale, Scalogram analysis, Guttman scaling, Unidimensional cumulative scale
ذات صلة	5	4
الملخص	Likert scale construction is a systematic methodology for developing attitude measurement instruments using summated rating scales. Introduced by Rensis Likert in 1932, it enables researchers to quantify latent constructs such as attitudes, beliefs, and psychological states by aggregating responses across multiple items. The method remains foundational to quantitative social and health sciences research.	Guttman scaling is a methodology for constructing unidimensional scales with a cumulative property, developed by Louis Guttman in 1944. The method assumes that items form a perfect or near-perfect hierarchy: if a respondent endorses a harder item, they must endorse all easier items below it. This creates a reproducible scale structure useful for measuring constructs with ordinal properties such as difficulty, intensity, or severity.