قارن الطرق

	Language Attitude Survey	التحليل الدلالي التفاضلي (Semantic Differential)
المجال	علم اللغة	علم النفس
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1992	1957
صاحب الطريقة	Survey methodologists and attitude researchers (e.g., A. N. Oppenheim; Colin Baker; Peter Garrett)	Charles Osgood, George Suci, and Percy Tannenbaum
النوع	Direct self-report survey measure of language attitudes	Bipolar attitude measure
المصدر التأسيسي	Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521759175	Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois Press.
الأسماء البديلة	Language Attitude Questionnaire, Direct Attitude Measurement, Language Attitudes Survey	SD Scale, Semantic Space Measurement
ذات صلة	4	1
الملخص	A direct language attitude survey measures what people think and feel about languages, dialects, and varieties by asking them explicitly. Using questionnaires built from Likert scales, semantic-differential items, and open-ended questions, the direct approach gathers respondents' self-reported evaluations of varieties — their prestige, beauty, usefulness, or appropriateness — and analyses these responses for reliability, underlying structure, and differences between social groups. It is the self-report counterpart to indirect techniques such as the matched-guise test, trading some protection against socially desirable answers for transparency, scale, and ease of administration.	The Semantic Differential is an attitude measurement technique that assesses the connotative meaning (emotional and evaluative associations) of concepts through ratings on multiple bipolar adjective scales. Developed by Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum in the 1950s, the method reveals the affective structure underlying how people perceive concepts—revealing not just what they think, but how they feel about people, brands, ideas, or policies.