قارن الطرق

	اختبار كروسكال-واليس H	اختبار التبديل (العشوائية)
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1952	2005
صاحب الطريقة	William Kruskal & W. Allen Wallis	Good (2005); Edgington & Onghena (2007); resampling tradition
النوع	Nonparametric group comparison	Nonparametric resampling test
المصدر التأسيسي	Kruskal, W. H. & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47(260), 583–621.	Good, P. (2005). Permutation, Parametric and Bootstrap Tests of Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387202792
الأسماء البديلة	Kruskal-Wallis H test, one-way ANOVA on ranks, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis Testi	randomization test, exact permutation test, re-randomization test, Permütasyon Testi
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Kruskal-Wallis H test is a nonparametric hypothesis test that compares three or more independent groups to decide whether their distributions (typically their medians) differ. Introduced by William Kruskal and W. Allen Wallis in 1952, it works on ranks rather than raw values and is the distribution-free counterpart to one-way ANOVA.	The permutation test is a nonparametric resampling procedure that builds the sampling distribution of a test statistic directly from the data by repeatedly shuffling the group labels. Developed in the resampling tradition and treated systematically by Good (2005) and Edgington & Onghena (2007), it requires no parametric distributional assumption and yields an exact p-value.