قارن الطرق

	Job Characteristics Model	Job Demands-Resources Model
المجال	السلوك التنظيمي	السلوك التنظيمي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1976	2001
صاحب الطريقة	J. Richard Hackman & Greg R. Oldham	Evangelia Demerouti & Arnold B. Bakker (with Friedhelm Nachreiner & Wilmar Schaufeli)
النوع	Work-design measurement and motivation model	Dual-process work-design and well-being model
المصدر التأسيسي	Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279.	Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
الأسماء البديلة	JCM, Job Diagnostic Survey, JDS, Motivating Potential Score	JD-R Model, JD-R Theory, Job Demands-Resources Theory, Demands-Resources Framework
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) is the foundational theory of work design in organizational behavior, developed by J. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham in the mid-1970s. It proposes that five core job dimensions — skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback — generate three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility, and knowledge of results) that in turn drive internal work motivation, job satisfaction, and performance. The model is operationalized through the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) and summarized in a single Motivating Potential Score (MPS), with growth-need strength acting as a moderator that determines how strongly enriched jobs energize a given worker. The JCM gave job-redesign efforts a measurable, testable structure and remains the reference point for research on enriched work.	The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model is a flexible framework in organizational behavior and occupational health psychology that explains employee well-being and performance through two parallel processes. Introduced by Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, and Schaufeli in 2001 and elaborated by Bakker and Demerouti in 2007, it holds that every job can be described by demands — aspects requiring sustained effort — and resources — aspects that help achieve goals, reduce demands, or stimulate growth. A health-impairment process runs from chronic demands to exhaustion and strain, while a motivational process runs from resources to work engagement and positive outcomes. The two paths interact: resources buffer the impact of demands on strain, and demands can amplify the motivating power of resources. Unlike fixed lists of job features, the JD-R model is deliberately open, letting researchers slot in whatever demands and resources matter in a given occupation.