قارن الطرق

	تحليل الفقرات (النظرية الكلاسيكية للاختبار)	المعادلة الاختبارية (Test Equating)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1979	1984 (modern statistical treatment)
صاحب الطريقة	Classical Test Theory tradition; foundational texts by Allen & Yen (1979) and Crocker & Algina (1986)	Kolen & Brennan (foundational treatise, 2004/2014); Holland & Dorans (2006)
النوع	Descriptive / psychometric screening	Score transformation / latent-scale calibration
المصدر التأسيسي	Allen, M. J. & Yen, W. M. (1979). Introduction to Measurement Theory. Brooks/Cole. ISBN: 978-0818501333	Kolen, M.J. & Brennan, R.L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4939-0316-6
الأسماء البديلة	Madde Analizi (Klasik Test Kuramı), CTT item analysis, classical item analysis	Test Eşitleme (Test Equating), score equating, equipercentile equating, IRT true-score equating
ذات صلة	5	4
الملخص	Item analysis is the foundational psychometric procedure for evaluating the quality of individual test or scale items within the Classical Test Theory (CTT) framework, as systematised by Allen and Yen (1979) and Crocker and Algina (1986). It produces an item difficulty index, an item discrimination index, and a distractor analysis for each item, enabling test developers to identify items that are too easy, too hard, or failing to separate high- and low-ability respondents.	Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and Dorans (2006) provide the authoritative chapter-length overview within the field of educational measurement.