قارن الطرق

	Issue Framing Experiment	Political Knowledge Scale
المجال	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1997	1993
صاحب الطريقة	Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman	Michael Delli Carpini & Scott Keeter
النوع	Survey/lab experiment	Factual knowledge battery
المصدر التأسيسي	Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583.	Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179-1206.
الأسماء البديلة	Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment	Civic Knowledge Battery, Factual Political Knowledge Index, Delli Carpini-Keeter Knowledge Items
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects.	The Political Knowledge Scale measures the range of factual information about politics that citizens hold and can retrieve, operationalized as a battery of factual quiz items. Delli Carpini and Keeter (1993, 1996) established the canonical short batteries (often five items) and argued that general political knowledge, not domain-specific information, is the most useful and reliable construct for survey research.