قارن الطرق

	Intergroup Threat Scale	Ethnocentrism Scale
المجال	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1999	2001
صاحب الطريقة	Walter G. Stephan & Cookie White Stephan	James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey
النوع	Self-report attitude scale	Self-report attitude scale
المصدر التأسيسي	Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221-2237.	Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215.
الأسماء البديلة	Integrated Threat Scale, Realistic and Symbolic Threat Scale, Perceived Threat Scale	GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Intergroup Threat Scale operationalizes intergroup (originally integrated) threat theory (Stephan & Stephan), which holds that prejudice toward an out-group arises from perceived realistic threats (to the in-group's resources, power, or welfare) and symbolic threats (to its values, beliefs, and worldview). It is a self-report measure widely used to explain attitudes toward immigrants and other out-groups in political psychology.	The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion.