قارن الطرق

	تحليل الحوافز عبر الثقافات (HRAF)	عدد العينات المحددة
المجال	علم الآثار	علم الآثار
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1967	1971
صاحب الطريقة	George Murdock	R. E. Chaplin
النوع	Ethnographic comparison	Faunal quantification method
المصدر التأسيسي	Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
الأسماء البديلة	cross-cultural comparison, comparative ethnography	NISP method, specimen count
ذات صلة	2	4
الملخص	HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information coded for comparative analysis. HRAF provides a framework for systematic cross-cultural comparison, helping archaeologists interpret prehistoric patterns through ethnographic analogy.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.