قارن الطرق

	مناورة هوهمان	المساعدة بالجاذبية
المجال	الفيزياء التطبيقية	الفيزياء التطبيقية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1925	1961
صاحب الطريقة	Walter Hohmann	Michael Minovitch
النوع	Trajectory optimization algorithm	Orbital maneuver technique
المصدر التأسيسي	Hohmann, W. (1925). Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper. R. Oldenbourg.	Minovitch, M. A. (1961). The determination and characteristics of ballistic interplanetary trajectories under the influence of multiple planetary gravitational fields. Technical Report 32-464, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
الأسماء البديلة	Hohmann-Vallado transfer, two-impulse maneuver	swing-by, gravitational slingshot
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Hohmann transfer is a maneuver that transfers a spacecraft between two circular orbits using two impulsive burns (velocity changes). Introduced by German engineer Walter Hohmann in 1925, it is the most fuel-efficient method for coplanar orbital transfers when the transfer time is not severely constrained. The transfer orbit is an ellipse tangent to both the initial and final orbits.	A gravity assist (or swing-by) maneuver uses the gravitational field of a planet or other celestial body to alter a spacecraft's trajectory and velocity without expending fuel. Discovered by Michael Minovitch at JPL in 1961, this technique is crucial for reaching distant planets economically. It works by exploiting the relative motion between the spacecraft, the assisting body, and the Sun.