قارن الطرق

	Historical-Critical Exegesis	Stemmatic Textual Criticism
المجال	Religious Studies	Religious Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1975	1958
صاحب الطريقة	Enlightenment biblical scholarship; methodized by Krentz, surveyed by Barton	Karl Lachmann (codified by Paul Maas; refined by M. L. West)
النوع	Integrative exegetical pipeline establishing a text's original historical meaning	Genealogical pipeline for reconstructing a lost archetype from manuscript witnesses
المصدر التأسيسي	Krentz, E. (1975). The Historical-Critical Method. Philadelphia: Fortress Press (Guides to Biblical Scholarship). ISBN: 9780800604608	Maas, P. (1958). Textual Criticism (trans. B. Flower). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN: 9780198143185
الأسماء البديلة	Historical-Critical Method, Grammatico-Historical Method, Biblical Criticism, Critical Exegesis	Lachmannian Method, Recensionism, Genealogical Textual Criticism, Stemmatics
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Historical-critical exegesis is the dominant scholarly approach to interpreting the Bible: it reads each text in its original language, genre, and historical setting in order to recover what its author meant and what its first audience would have understood. Rather than reading scripture through later doctrine or present concerns, it asks the historical question first. The method is not one technique but an integrated family that draws on textual, source, form, and redaction criticism, applying them within a grammatico-historical reading. Edgar Krentz's compact 1975 The Historical-Critical Method describes its rise, goals, and procedures, while John Barton's 2007 The Nature of Biblical Criticism offers a philosophical defense, arguing that biblical criticism is at heart a disciplined attention to what the text means in its literary and historical context.	Stemmatic textual criticism, the method codified by Karl Lachmann and given its classic formulation by Paul Maas in 1958, reconstructs the lost original of a work transmitted in many handwritten copies. Because every act of copying introduces errors, manuscripts that descend from a common defective ancestor share those errors. Maas's insight is that shared errors, not shared correct readings, reveal genealogy: by grouping witnesses according to the significant errors they hold in common, the critic builds a stemma codicum, a family tree of manuscripts rooted in the archetype. M. L. West's 1973 handbook turned these principles into working editorial practice for Greek and Latin texts, including the scriptures transmitted in those languages. The pipeline runs from collation through error analysis to a reconstructed archetype that can be defended reading by reading.