قارن الطرق

	مقياس نموذج المعتقدات الصحية	مقياس تفعيل المريض (PAM)
المجال	السلوك الصحي	السلوك الصحي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1966	2004
صاحب الطريقة	Marshall H. Rosenstock	Judith H. Hibbard, Jacqueline Stockard, and colleagues
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44(3), 94-127.	Hibbard, J. H., Stockard, J., Mahoney, E. R., & Tusler, M. (2004). Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Services Research, 39(4), 1005-1026.
الأسماء البديلة	HBM Scale, HBM-Q	PAM, Patient Activation Scale
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a foundational psychological framework developed by Marshall Rosenstock in 1966 to predict and explain preventive health behavior. Based on the central premise that people take health action to avoid illness when they perceive susceptibility to a health threat and believe that taking action will reduce that threat at an acceptable cost, the HBM measures four core constructs: Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Barriers. The model also incorporates 'Cues to Action' (external triggers) and 'Self-Efficacy' (added later). HBM is extensively used in research on disease prevention, health screening uptake, medication adherence, and vaccine acceptance.	The Patient Activation Measure (PAM) is a 13-item self-report questionnaire developed by Hibbard and colleagues (2004) to assess the degree to which patients understand their role in managing their health, have confidence in their ability to engage in self-care, and take action to manage their health and prevent disease. PAM conceptualizes patient activation as a developmental process moving through four sequential levels: Level 1 (Passive) – the patient is disengaged, lacks understanding of their role, and is unwilling to take action; Level 2 (Aware) – the patient understands their role and importance of health behaviors but lacks confidence or is uncertain about ability; Level 3 (Taking Action) – the patient is taking steps to engage in self-management but may be inconsistent or uncertain how to maintain behavior; Level 4 (Maintaining Behavior) – the patient actively maintains self-management behaviors and prevents relapse. The PAM is widely used in primary care, chronic disease management, health insurance population health programs, and health services research to identify patients at risk of poor outcomes and to evaluate interventions targeting patient engagement.