قارن الطرق

	مقياس جوتمان	بناء مقياس ليكرت
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1944	1932
صاحب الطريقة	Louis Guttman	Rensis Likert
النوع	Cumulative unidimensional scaling methodology	Summated rating scale methodology
المصدر التأسيسي	Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling qualitative data. American Sociological Review, 9(2), 139-150.	Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 1-55.
الأسماء البديلة	Cumulative scale, Scalogram analysis, Guttman scaling, Unidimensional cumulative scale	Likert summated rating scale, Summated rating scale construction
ذات صلة	4	5
الملخص	Guttman scaling is a methodology for constructing unidimensional scales with a cumulative property, developed by Louis Guttman in 1944. The method assumes that items form a perfect or near-perfect hierarchy: if a respondent endorses a harder item, they must endorse all easier items below it. This creates a reproducible scale structure useful for measuring constructs with ordinal properties such as difficulty, intensity, or severity.	Likert scale construction is a systematic methodology for developing attitude measurement instruments using summated rating scales. Introduced by Rensis Likert in 1932, it enables researchers to quantify latent constructs such as attitudes, beliefs, and psychological states by aggregating responses across multiple items. The method remains foundational to quantitative social and health sciences research.