قارن الطرق

	نمذجة تلوث المياه الجوفية	تقييم الأثر البيئي
المجال	الهندسة البيئية	الهندسة البيئية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988	1970
صاحب الطريقة	USGS and hydrogeology researchers	U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
النوع	numerical simulation pipeline	systematic assessment and decision-support pipeline
المصدر التأسيسي	Fetter, C. W., Boving, T. B., & Kreamer, D. K. (2018). Contaminant Hydrogeology (3rd ed.). Waveland Press. ISBN: 978-1478625315	Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2005). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415303910
الأسماء البديلة	groundwater transport, contaminant plume modeling, subsurface flow and transport, GWHC modeling	EIA, impact assessment, environmental screening, cumulative effects assessment
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	Groundwater contamination modeling is a quantitative approach to predict the migration of dissolved and suspended contaminants (chemical spills, landfill leachate, petroleum, radionuclides) through subsurface aquifers and toward receptors (drinking water wells, surface water bodies, ecosystems). Developed systematically in the 1980s–1990s by the USGS and hydrogeologists, these models couple flow equations (Darcy's law) with advection-dispersion transport and geochemical reactions to forecast contaminant arrival times and plume extent.	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, EU Directive 2011/92/EU), EIA integrates scientific analysis of air quality, water resources, biodiversity, noise, and socioeconomic effects with stakeholder consultation and decision-making frameworks to inform project approval, design modification, or rejection.