قارن الطرق

	المساعدة بالجاذبية	مناورة هوهمان
المجال	الفيزياء التطبيقية	الفيزياء التطبيقية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1961	1925
صاحب الطريقة	Michael Minovitch	Walter Hohmann
النوع	Orbital maneuver technique	Trajectory optimization algorithm
المصدر التأسيسي	Minovitch, M. A. (1961). The determination and characteristics of ballistic interplanetary trajectories under the influence of multiple planetary gravitational fields. Technical Report 32-464, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.	Hohmann, W. (1925). Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper. R. Oldenbourg.
الأسماء البديلة	swing-by, gravitational slingshot	Hohmann-Vallado transfer, two-impulse maneuver
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	A gravity assist (or swing-by) maneuver uses the gravitational field of a planet or other celestial body to alter a spacecraft's trajectory and velocity without expending fuel. Discovered by Michael Minovitch at JPL in 1961, this technique is crucial for reaching distant planets economically. It works by exploiting the relative motion between the spacecraft, the assisting body, and the Sun.	The Hohmann transfer is a maneuver that transfers a spacecraft between two circular orbits using two impulsive burns (velocity changes). Introduced by German engineer Walter Hohmann in 1925, it is the most fuel-efficient method for coplanar orbital transfers when the transfer time is not severely constrained. The transfer orbit is an ellipse tangent to both the initial and final orbits.