قارن الطرق

	Glass Ceiling Index	Gender Gap Decomposition
المجال	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2001	1973
صاحب الطريقة	David Cotter, Joan Hermsen, Seth Ovadia & Reeve Vanneman	Ronald Oaxaca & Alan Blinder
النوع	Distributional gender-gap criterion / index	Regression-based decomposition of a mean group difference
المصدر التأسيسي	Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655–681.	Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14(3), 693–709.
الأسماء البديلة	Glass Ceiling Measure, Glass-Ceiling Effect Index, Glass Ceiling Coefficient	Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition, Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition, Wage Gap Decomposition
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	The glass ceiling index and related distributional measures quantify the 'glass ceiling' — the tendency for gender disadvantage to intensify toward the top of a wage distribution or organisational hierarchy. Cotter and colleagues (2001) set out formal criteria distinguishing a true ceiling from a general gap, while labour economists operationalise it as a widening female–male gap at high quantiles of earnings, and popular indices (such as The Economist's) rank countries by women's representation in senior roles, pay, and leadership.	Gender gap decomposition, most often implemented as the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, splits the mean difference in an outcome such as wages between men and women into a part explained by differences in measured characteristics (education, experience, occupation) and an unexplained residual part attributed to differences in how those characteristics are rewarded. Introduced independently by Ronald Oaxaca and Alan Blinder in 1973, it is the workhorse method for quantifying how much of the gender pay gap reflects composition versus differential treatment.