قارن الطرق

	استبيان الصحة العامة-12 (GHQ-12)	مقياس مركز دراسات الأوبئة للاكتئاب (CES-D)
المجال	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1992	1977
صاحب الطريقة	David P. Goldberg	Lenore Sawyer Radloff
النوع	Psychiatric symptom screening	Community-based depression assessment
المصدر التأسيسي	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
الأسماء البديلة	GHQ-12, GHQ	CES-D, CESD
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.