قارن الطرق

	Ghosh Supply-Driven Model	Input-Output Multiplier Analysis
المجال	الاقتصاد	الاقتصاد
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1958	1936
صاحب الطريقة	Ambica Ghosh	Wassily Leontief (multiplier formalization by Miller & Blair)
النوع	Supply-driven linear inter-industry model using allocation coefficients	Linear impact-multiplier model derived from the Leontief inverse
المصدر التأسيسي	Ghosh, A. (1958). Input-output approach in an allocation system. Economica, 25(97), 58–64.	Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521739023
الأسماء البديلة	Ghosh Model, Supply-Side Input-Output Model, Allocation Coefficient Model, Output-Side I-O Model	I-O Multipliers, Leontief Multipliers, Type I and Type II Multipliers, Output Multipliers
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Ghosh model is the supply-side counterpart to the Leontief demand-driven input-output system, introduced by Ambica Ghosh in 1958. Rather than fixing the recipe of inputs per unit of output, it fixes allocation coefficients — the share of each sector's output sold to every downstream buyer — and asks how a change in the supply of primary inputs (value added) propagates forward to total output. Solving x' = x'B + w' gives x' = w'(I − B)^{-1}, where the Ghosh inverse G = (I − B)^{-1} plays the forward-looking role that the Leontief inverse plays for demand.	Input-output multiplier analysis converts the Leontief inverse into summary impact coefficients that answer how much total output, household income, or employment an economy generates per unit of final demand directed at a given sector. Building directly on Leontief's inter-industry accounting, it distinguishes the initial direct effect from the indirect supply-chain effect and, in the Type II form, the induced effect of household re-spending, yielding the multipliers that underpin most regional and project economic-impact studies.