قارن الطرق

	علم التشكل الهندسي	الحد الأدنى لعدد الأفراد
المجال	علم الآثار	علم الآثار
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1991	1953
صاحب الطريقة	Fred Bookstein	Theodore White
النوع	Shape and form analysis	Faunal quantification method
المصدر التأسيسي	Bookstein, F. L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press.	White, T. E. (1953). A method of calculating the dietary percentages of various food animals utilized by aboriginal peoples. American Antiquity, 19(4), 396-398.
الأسماء البديلة	shape analysis, morphometric analysis	MNI method, minimum individual number
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Geometric morphometrics is a quantitative analytical method that captures, analyzes, and compares the shapes of biological structures (bones, teeth, pottery) using coordinate data from landmarks and outlines. Developed by Fred Bookstein in the 1990s, GMM provides a rigorous statistical framework for studying shape variation across populations or time periods. The method allows archaeologists to quantify morphological differences between individuals, populations, or artifact classes with precision impossible using traditional linear measurements.	Minimum number of individuals (MNI) is a quantitative zooarchaeological method that estimates the minimum number of animals represented in a faunal assemblage based on the frequency of unique skeletal elements. Developed by Theodore White in 1953, it is one of the most widely used techniques for analyzing animal bone assemblages from archaeological sites. The MNI method helps archaeologists understand hunting and butchering patterns, interpret subsistence practices, and assess the diversity of fauna exploited by past human populations.