قارن الطرق

	رسم الخرائط الجيولوجية	تصنيف الكتل الصخرية
المجال	علوم الأرض	علوم الأرض
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1799	1974
صاحب الطريقة	William Smith	Bieniawski and Barton
النوع	regional geological documentation pipeline	engineering geology assessment pipeline
المصدر التأسيسي	Compton, R. R. (1962). Manual of Field Geology. John Wiley & Sons.	Bieniawski, Z. T. (1989). Engineering Rock Mass Classifications. John Wiley & Sons.
الأسماء البديلة	field mapping, geological surveying, lithostratigraphic mapping	RMR system, Q-system classification, rock quality designation
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Geologic mapping is the systematic observation and documentation of rock types, structures, and relationships exposed on the land surface. Pioneered by William Smith in 1799, this foundational field method remains essential for understanding subsurface geology, economic geology, hazard assessment, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Modern mapping integrates field observations with satellite imagery, digital logs, and GIS technology to create comprehensive three-dimensional geological frameworks.	Rock mass classification is the systematic assessment of rock quality and mechanical behavior in engineering geology, combining field observations of jointing, weathering, and strength into a numerical index. Pioneered by Bieniawski (RMR system, 1974) and Barton (Q-system, 1974), these methods enable rapid site assessment and guide design of excavations, dams, and slopes. Classification bridges the gap between small laboratory samples and large field-scale behavior.