قارن الطرق

	Gender Empowerment Measure	Global Gender Gap Index
المجال	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1995	2006
صاحب الطريقة	UNDP Human Development Report Office	World Economic Forum (Hausmann, Tyson & Zahidi)
النوع	Composite empowerment index	Composite gap index
المصدر التأسيسي	United Nations Development Programme (1995). Human Development Report 1995 — Gender and Human Development. Oxford University Press / UNDP.	World Economic Forum (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. World Economic Forum, Geneva.
الأسماء البديلة	GEM, UNDP Gender Empowerment Measure	GGGI, WEF Gender Gap Index, Global Gender Gap Report Index
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a UNDP composite introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report to capture gender inequality in agency and opportunity rather than in basic capabilities. It combines women's and men's shares of parliamentary seats, of senior administrative and managerial as well as professional and technical positions, and their relative earned income, aggregating them into an index that emphasises participation in economic and political decision-making.	The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) is the headline measure of the World Economic Forum's annual Global Gender Gap Report, first published in 2006. It benchmarks gender parity by measuring female-to-male ratios across four subindexes — economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment — and reports the share of each gap that has been closed, deliberately ignoring countries' absolute levels of development.