قارن الطرق

	نظرية التعميم (G-Theory)	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي	ألفا كرونباخ (تحليل الموثوقية)	الموثوقية بين المقيمين (كابا كوهين ومعامل الارتباط داخل الفئة)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي	الإحصاء	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1963	1969	1951	1960 (kappa); 1979 (ICC)
صاحب الطريقة	Lee J. Cronbach and colleagues	Karl Jöreskog	Lee J. Cronbach	Cohen (kappa, 1960); Shrout & Fleiss (ICC, 1979)
النوع	ANOVA-based variance-component framework	Measurement model / latent variable analysis	Reliability / internal consistency coefficient	Reliability / agreement analysis
المصدر التأسيسي	Brennan, R. L. (2001). Generalizability Theory. Springer.	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.	Cohen, J. (1960). A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
الأسماء البديلة	Generalizability Theory, G-Study / D-Study framework, Genellenebilirlik Kuramı (G-Kuramı)	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing	coefficient alpha, alpha reliability, internal consistency reliability, Güvenilirlik Analizi (Cronbach Alpha)	inter-rater reliability, interrater agreement, rater agreement, Değerlendiriciler Arası Güvenilirlik (Cohen's κ, ICC)
ذات صلة	6	6	4	6
الملخص	Generalizability Theory, developed by Lee J. Cronbach and colleagues in the 1960s and formalised by Brennan (2001), is an ANOVA-based framework that extends Classical Test Theory by decomposing observed score variance into multiple, separately identified sources of measurement error — such as raters, tasks, occasions, or items — rather than bundling all error into a single undifferentiated term.	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.	Cronbach's alpha is a coefficient of internal consistency that quantifies the degree to which a set of items on a scale measures the same underlying construct. Introduced by Lee J. Cronbach in 1951, it remains the most widely reported reliability index in social-science, health, and educational research.	Interrater reliability quantifies the degree to which two or more independent raters produce consistent scores when evaluating the same individuals or products. The family encompasses Cohen's kappa, introduced in 1960 for categorical judgments, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for continuous ratings, together spanning most measurement scenarios encountered in behavioral, health, and educational research.