قارن الطرق

	تحليل التكرار	اختبار ذي الحدين الدقيق	الإحصاء الوصفي
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Regression model	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	19th century	1988	1977
صاحب الطريقة	Classical statistics (no single inventor)	Classical exact test; textbook treatment by Siegel & Castellan	John W. Tukey
النوع	Descriptive summary	Exact one-sample test for a proportion	Summary procedure
المصدر التأسيسي	Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE. ISBN: 978-1446249185	Siegel, S. & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070573574	Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165
الأسماء البديلة	frequency distribution, frequency table, tally analysis, count analysis	exact binomial test, binomial probability test, exact test for a proportion, Tam Binom Testi	summary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik
ذات صلة	3	2	6
الملخص	Frequency analysis is a fundamental descriptive technique that tallies how often each distinct value or category appears in a dataset. It produces absolute counts, relative percentages, and cumulative frequencies, giving an immediate picture of how observations are distributed across categories. It is the natural first step when exploring categorical or discrete variables before applying inferential tests.	The exact binomial test checks whether the observed number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials is consistent with a pre-specified success probability p₀. Because it computes exact binomial tail probabilities rather than relying on a normal approximation, it is the gold standard for testing a proportion in small samples; this two-sided formulation follows Siegel & Castellan's classic treatment (1988).	Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure.