قارن الطرق

	Free Listing	Pile Sorting
المجال	Anthropology	Anthropology
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988	1988
صاحب الطريقة	Cognitive anthropology tradition (formalized by Weller & Romney; Borgatti)	Cognitive anthropology tradition (Weller & Romney; Borgatti)
النوع	Elicitation procedure for the items and salience of a cultural domain	Elicitation procedure for perceived similarity among domain items
المصدر التأسيسي	Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic Data Collection. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780803930742	Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic Data Collection. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780803930742
الأسماء البديلة	Free Lists, Free-List Task, Free Recall Listing, Freelisting	Pile Sort Task, Free Pile Sort, Card Sorting (ethnographic), Sorting Task
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Free listing is a foundational elicitation technique in cognitive anthropology in which informants are asked to name, in any order, all the items they can think of that belong to a cultural domain — for example 'all the kinds of fruit' or 'all the things that can give you a cold.' Aggregating these lists reveals both the content of the domain (which items belong) and the salience of each item (how culturally central it is), inferred from how frequently and how early it is mentioned.	Pile sorting is an elicitation technique in which informants are handed a set of cards — one per item in a cultural domain — and asked to group them into piles of items that 'go together.' By recording which items each person places in the same pile and aggregating across many informants, the researcher builds a similarity matrix that reveals how the culture organizes the domain, which is then visualized with multidimensional scaling and clustering.